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Steel MakingThe Quenching TankThe quenching tank is an important feature of apparatus in c... Using Illuminating Gas The choice of a carburizing furnace depends greatly on the fa... Alloying Elements Commercial steels of even the simplest types are therefore p... Pickling The Forgings The forgings were then pickled in a hot solution of either ni... Bessemer Process The bessemer process consists of charging molten pig iron int... Carburizing Low-carbon Sleeves Low-carbon sleeves are carburized and pushed on malleable-ir... Carbon Tool Steel Heat to a bright red, about 1,500 to 1,550 deg.F. Do not ham... The Thermo-couple With the application of the thermo-couple, the measurement of... Conclusions Martien was probably never a serious contender for the honor ... Annealing Work With the exception of several of the higher types of alloy s... Steel For Chisels And Punches The highest grades of carbon or tempering steels are to be re... William Kelly's Air-boiling Process An account of Bessemer's address to the British Association w... Crucible Steel Crucible steel is still made by melting material in a clay or... Detrimental Elements Sulphur and phosphorus are two elements known to be detrimen... The Leeds And Northrup Potentiometer System The potentiometer pyrometer system is both flexible and subst... Impact Tests Impact tests are of considerable importance as an indication ... Steel Worked In Austenitic State As a general rule steel should be worked when it is in the a... The Modern Hardening Room A hardening room of today means a very different place from ... Non-shrinking Oil-hardening Steels Certain steels have a very low rate of expansion and contract... Preparing Parts For Local Case-hardening At the works of the Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company, ... |
Making Steel BallsCategory: THE FORGING OF STEEL Steel balls are made from rods or coils according to size, stock less than 9/16-in. comes in coils. Stock 5/8-in. and larger comes in rods. Ball stock is designated in thousandths so that 5/8-in. rods are known as 0.625-in. stock. Steel for making balls of average size is made up of: Carbon 0.95 to 1.05 per cent Silicon 0.20 to 0.35 per cent Manganese 0.30 to 0.45 per cent Chromium 0.35 to 0.45 per cent Sulphur and phosphorus not to exceed 0.025 per cent For the larger sizes a typical analysis is: Carbon 1.02 per cent Silicon 0.21 per cent Manganese 0.40 per cent Chromium 0.65 per cent Sulphur 0.026 per cent Phosphorus 0.014 per cent Balls 5/8 in. and below are formed cold on upsetting or heading machines, the stock use is as follows: TABLE 14.--SIZES OF STOCK FOR FORMING BALLS ON HEADER ------------------------------------------------------- Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of Diameter of ball, inch stock inch ball, inch stock, inch ---------------------------------------------------- 1/8 0.100 5/16 0.235 5/32 0.120 3/8 0.275 3/16 0.145 7/16 0.320 7/32 0.170 1/2 0.365 1/4 0.190 9/16 0.395 9/32 0.220 5/8 0.440 ------------------------------------------------------- For larger balls the blanks are hot-forged from straight bars. They are usually forged in multiples of four under a spring hammer and then separated by a suitable punching or shearing die in a press adjoining the hammer. The dimensions are: ----------------------------------------------------------- Diameter of ball, Diameter of die, Diameter of stock, inch inch inch --------------------------------------------------------- 3/4 0.775 0.625 7/8 0.905 0.729 1 1.035 0.823 ----------------------------------------------------------- Before hardening, the balls are annealed to relieve the stresses of forging and grinding, this being done by passing them through a revolving retort made of nichrome or other heat-resisting substance. The annealing temperature is 1,300 deg.F. The hardening temperature is from 1,425 to 1,475 deg.F. according to size and composition of steel. Small balls, 5/16 and under, are quenched in oil, the larger sizes in water. In some special cases brine is used. Quenching small balls in water is too great a shock as the small volume is cooled clear through almost instantly. The larger balls have metal enough to cool more slowly. Balls which are cooled in either water or brine are boiled in water for 2 hr. to relieve internal stresses, after which the balls are finished by dry-grinding and oil-grinding. The ball makers have an interesting method of testing stock for seams which do not show in the rod or wire. The Hoover Steel Ball Company cut off pieces of rod or wire 7/16 in. long and subject them to an end pressure of from 20,000 to 50,000 lb. A pressure of 20,000 lb. compresses the piece to 3/16 in. and the 50,000 lb. pressure to 3/32 in. This opens any seam which may exist but a solid bar shows no seam. Another method which has proved very successful is to pass the bar or rod to be tested through a solenoid electro-magnet. With suitable instruments it is claimed that this is an almost infallible test as the instruments show at once when a seam or flaw is present in the bar. Next: The Forging Of Steel Previous: Heat Treatment Of Axles
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