| A FATHER had a family of sons who were perpetually quarreling among themselves. When he failed to heal their disputes by his exhortations, he determined to give them a practical illustration of the evils of disunion; and for this purpose he on... Read more of The Father and His Sons at Children Stories.ca |  Informational.caPrivacy |
Steel MakingThe Effect Of Tempering On Water-quenched GagesThe following information has been supplied by Automatic and ... The Effect The heating at 1,600 deg.F. gives the first heat treatment w... Phosphorus Phosphorus is one of the impurities in steel, and it has been... Annealing Of High-speed Steel For annealing high-speed steel, some makers recommend using g... Typical Oil-fired Furnaces Several types of standard oil-fired furnaces are shown herew... Mushet And Bessemer That Mushet was "used" by Ebbw Vale against Bessemer is, perh... Quenching It is considered good practice to quench alloy steels from th... Leeds And Northrup Optical Pyrometer The principles of this very popular method of measuring tempe... Hints For Tool Steel Users Do not hesitate to ask for information from the maker as to t... The Electric Process The fourth method of manufacturing steel is by the electric f... Uses Of The Various Tempers Of Carbon Tool Steel DIE TEMPER.--No. 3: All kinds of dies for deep stamping, pres... Cyanide Bath For Tool Steels All high-carbon tool steels are heated in a cyanide bath. Wi... Separating The Work From The Compound During the pulling of the heat, the pots are dumped upon a ca... Steel Can Be Worked Cold As noted above, steel can be worked cold, as in the case of ... Standard Analysis The selection of a standard analysis by the manufacturer is t... The Influence Of Size The size of the piece influences the physical properties obta... Affinity Of Nickel Steel For Carbon The carbon- and nickel-steel gears are carburized separately... Heat Treatment Of Gear Blanks This section is based on a paper read before the American Gea... Carburizing By Gas The process of carburizing by gas, briefly mentioned on page ... Conclusions Martien was probably never a serious contender for the honor ... |
VanadiumCategory: ALLOYS AND THEIR EFFECT UPON STEEL Vanadium has a very marked effect upon alloy steels rich in chromium, carbon, or manganese. Vanadium itself, when combined with steel very low in carbon, is not so noticeably beneficial as in the same carbon steel higher in manganese, but if a small quantity of chromium is added, then the vanadium has a very marked effect in increasing the impact strength of the alloy. It would seem that vanadium has the effect of intensifying the action of chromium and manganese, or that vanadium is intensified by the action of chromium or manganese. Vanadium has the peculiar property of readily entering into solution with ferrite. If vanadium contained is considerable it also combines with the carbon, forming carbides. The ductility of carbon-vanadium steels is therefore increased, likewise the ductility of chrome-vanadium steels. The full effect of vanadium is not felt unless the temperatures to which the steel is heated for hardening are raised considerably. It is therefore necessary that a certain amount of soaking takes place, so as to get the necessary equalization. This is true of all alloys which contain complex carbides, i.e., compounds of carbon, iron and one or more elements. Chrome-vanadium steels also are highly favored for case hardening. When used under alternating stresses it appears to have superior endurance. It would appear that the intensification of the properties due to chromium and manganese in the alloy steel accounts for this peculiar phenomenon. Vanadium is also a very excellent scavenger for either removing the harmful gases, or causing them to enter into solution with the metal in such a way as to largely obviate their harmful effects. Chrome-vanadium steels have been claimed, by many steel manufacturers and users, to be preferable to nickel-chrome steels. While not wishing to pass judgment on this, it should be borne in mind that the chrome-vanadium steel, which is tested, is generally compared with a very low nickel-chromium alloy steel (the price factor entering into the situation), but equally good results can be obtained by nickel-chromium steels of suitable analysis. Where price is the leading factor, there are many cases where a stronger steel can be obtained from the chrome and vanadium than the nickel-chrome. It will be safe to say that each of these two systems of alloys have their own particular fields and chrome-vanadium steel should not be regarded as the sole solution for all problems, neither should nickel-chromium. Next: Manganese Previous: Nickel-chromium
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