Corrosion
: ALLOYS AND THEIR EFFECT UPON STEEL: The Working Of Steel
This steel like any other steel when distorted by cold
working is more sensitive to corrosion and will rust. Rough cut
surfaces will rust. Surfaces finished with a fine cut are less
liable to rust. Ground and polished surfaces are practically immune
to rust.
When chromium content is increased to 16 to 18 per cent and silicon
is added, from 2 to 4 per cent, this steel becomes rust proof in
its
not need to be heat-treated in any way. These compositions are
both patented.
S. A. E. STANDARD STEELS
The following steel specifications are considered standard by the
Society of Automotive Engineers and represents automobile practice in
this country. These tables give the S. A. E. number, the composition
of the steel and the heat treatment. These are referred to by
letter--the heat treatments being given in detail on pages 134
to 137 in Chap. 8. It should be noted that the percentage of the
different ingredients desired is the mean, or halfway between the
minimum and maximum.
TABLE 4.--CARBON STEELS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S. A. E. Carbon Manganese
Specification(minimum and (minimum and Phosphorus Sulphur Heat
no. maximum) maximum) (maximum) (maximum) treatment
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1,010 0.05 to 0.15 0.30 to 0.60 0.045 0.05 Quench at 1,500
1,020 0.15 to 0.25 0.30 to 0.60 0.045 0.05 A or B
1,025 0.20 to 0.30 0.50 to 0.80 0.045 0.05 H
1,035 0.30 to 0.40 0.50 to 0.80 0.045 0.05 H, D or E
1,045 0.40 to 0.50 0.50 to 0.80 0.045 0.05 H, D or E
1,095 0.90 to 1.05 0.25 to 0.50 0.040 0.05 F
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 5.--SCREW STOCK
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
S. A. E. Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulphur
Specification no. (maximum)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1,114 0.08 to 0.20 0.30 to 0.80 0.12 0.06 to 0.12
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 6.--NICKEL STEELS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
S. A. E. Phosphorus
Specification (maximum)
no. ---- \ /
Carbon Manganese Sulphur Nickel Heat
(minimum and(minimum and (maximum)(minimum andtreatment
maximum) maximum) maximum)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
2,315 0.10 to 0.200.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.045 3.25 to 3.75G, H or K
2,320 0.15 to 0.250.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.045 3.25 to 3.75G, H or K
2,330 0.25 to 0.350.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.045 3.25 to 3.75 H or K
2,335 0.30 to 0.400.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.045 3.25 to 3.75 H or K
2,340 0.35 to 0.450.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.045 3.25 to 3.75 H or K
2,345 0.40 to 0.500.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.045 3.25 to 3.75 H or K
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 7.--NICKEL-CHROMIUM STEELS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S. A. E. Phosphorus Sulphur
Specification (maximum)(maximum) Heat
no. ------ ------ ---- treatment
Carbon Manganese Nickel Chromium \
(minimum and(minimum and (minimum and(minimum and
maximum) maximum) maximum) maximum)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
3,1200.15 to 0.250.50 to 0.800.040.0451.00 to 1.500.45 to 0.75*G,H or D
3,1250.20 to 0.300.50 to 0.800.040.0451.00 to 1.500.45 to 0.75*H,D or E
3,1300.25 to 0.350.50 to 0.800.040.0451.00 to 1.500.45 to 0.75*H,D or E
3,1350.30 to 0.400.50 to 0 800.040.0451.00 to 1.500.45 to 0 75*H,D or E
3,1400.35 to 0.450.50 to 0.800.040.0451.00 to 1.500.45 to 0.75*H,D or E
3,2200.15 to 0.250.30 to 0.600.040.0401.50 to 2.000.90 to 1.25 G,H or D
3,2300.25 to 0.350.30 to 0.600.040.0401.50 to 2.000.90 to 1.25 H or D
3,2400.35 to 0.450.30 to 0.600.040.0401.50 to 2.000.90 to 1.25 H or D
3,2500.45 to 0.550.30 to 0.600.040.0401.50 to 2.000.90 to 1.25 M or Q
X3,3150.10 to 0.200.45 to 0.750.040.0402.75 to 3.250.60 to 0.95 G
X3,3350.30 to 0.400.45 to 0.750.040.0402.75 to 3.250.60 to 0.95 P or R
X3,3500.45 to 0.550.45 to 0.750.040.0402.75 to 3.250.60 to 0.95 P or R
3,3200.15 to 0.250.30 to 0.600.040.0403.25 to 3.751.25 to 1.75 L
3,3300.25 to 0.350.30 to 0.600.040.0403.25 to 3.751.25 to 1.75 P or R
3,3400.35 to 0.450.30 to 0.600.040.0403.25 to 3.751.25 to 1.75 P or R
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Another grade of this type of steel is available with chromium content
of 0.15 per cent to 45 per cent. It has somewhat lower physical properties.
TABLE 8.--CHROMIUM STEELS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S. A. E.
Specification
no. --- Carbon Manganese Chromium
(minimum and(minimum andPhosphorusSulphur (minimum and Heat
maximum) maximum) (maximum) (maximum) maximum) treatment
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
5,120 0.15 to 0.25 * 0.04 0.045 0.65 to 0.85 B
5,140 0.35 to 0.45 * 0.04 0.045 0.65 to 0.85 H or D
5,165 0.60 to 0.70 * 0.04 0.045 0.65 to 0.85 H or D
5,195 0.90 to 1.050.20 to 0.45 0.03 0.03 0.90 to 1.10M, P or R
51,120 1.10 to 1.300.20 to 0.45 0.03 0.03 0.90 to 1.10M, P or R
5,295 0.90 to 1.050.20 to 0.45 0.03 0.03 1.10 to 1.30M, P or R
52,120 1.10 to 1.300.20 to 0.45 0.03 0.03 1.10 to 1.30M, P or R
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--Two types of steel are available in this class, one with manganese 0.25
to 0.50 per cent (0.35 per cent desired), and silicon not over 0.20 per
cent; the other with manganese 0.60 to 0.80 per cent (0.70 per cent
desired), and silicon 0.15 to 0.50 per cent.
TABLE 9.--CHROMIUM-VANADIUM STEELS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S. A. E. Phosphorus Sulphur Vanadium
Specification (maximum)(maximum) (minimum)
no. ------ -- / -
Carbon Manganese Chromium Heat
(minimum and(minimum and (minimum and treatment
maximum) maximum) maximum)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
6,120 0.15 to 0.250.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.04 0.80 to 1.10 0.15 S
6,125 0.20 to 0.300.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.04 0.80 to 1.10 0.15 S or T
6,130 0.25 to 0.350.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.04 0.80 to 1.10 0.15 T or U
6,135 0.30 to 0.400.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.04 0.80 to 1.10 0.15 T or U
6,140 0.35 to 0.450.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.04 0.80 to 1.10 0.15 T or U
6,145 0.40 to 0.500.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.04 0.80 to 1.10 0.15 U
6,150 0.45 to 0.550.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.04 0.80 to 1.10 0.15 U
6,195 0.90 to 1.050.20 to 0.45 0.03 0.03 0.80 to 1.10 0.15 U
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE 10.--SILICO-MANGANESE STEELS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
S. A. E.
Specification
no. ----- Carbon Manganese Silicon
(minimum and(minimum andPhosphorusSulphur (minimum and Heat
maximum) maximum) (maximum) (maximum) maximum) treatment
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
9,250 0.45 to 0.550.60 to 0.80 0.045* 0.045 1.80 to 2.10 V
9,260 0.55 to 0.650.50 to 0.70 0.045* 0.045 1.50 to 1.80 V
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Steel made by the acid process may contain maximum 0.05 phosphorus.
More
-
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Although it is possible to work steels cold, to an extent depending upon their ductility, and although such operations are commonly performed, forging usually means working heated steel. Heating is therefore a vital part of the process. Heating s...