Heat Treatment Of Lathe Planer And Similar Tools
: HIGH-SPEED STEEL: The Working Of Steel
FIRE.--For these tools a good fire is one made of hard foundry
coke, broken in small pieces, in an ordinary blacksmith forge with
a few bricks laid over the top to form a hollow fire. The bricks
should be thoroughly heated before tools are heated. Hard coal
may be used very successfully in place of hard coke and will give
a higher heat. It is very easy to give Blue Chip the proper heat
if care is used in making up the
FORGING.--Heat slowly and uniformly to a good forging heat. Do
not hammer the steel after it cools below a bright red. Avoid as
much as possible heating the body of the tool, so as to retain
the natural toughness in the neck of the tool.
HARDENING.--Heat the point of the tool to an extreme white heat
(about 2,200 deg.F.) until the flux runs. This heat should be the highest
possible short of melting the point. Care should be taken to confine
the heat as near to the point as possible so as to leave the annealing
and consequent toughness in the neck of the tool and where the tool
is held in the tool post.
COOL in an air blast, the open air or in oil, depending upon the
tools or the work they are to do.
For roughing tools temper need not be drawn except for work where
the edge tends to crumble on account of being too hard.
For finishing tools draw the temper to suit the purpose for which
they are to be used.
GRIND thoroughly on dry wheel (or wet wheel if care is used to prevent
checking).
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Cutting-off Steel From Bar
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Sulphur and phosphorus are two elements known to be detrimental to all steels. Sulphur causes red-shortness and phosphorus causes cold-shortness. The detrimental effects of these two elements counteract each other to some extent but the content sho... Double Annealing
Water annealing consists in heating the piece, allowing it to cool in air until it loses its red heat and becomes black and then immediately quenching it in water. This plan works well for very low-carbon steel; but for high-carbon steel what is kno... Drop Forging Dies
The kind of steel used in the die of course influences the heat treatment it is to receive, but this also depends on the kind of work the die is to perform. If the die is for a forging which is machined all over and does not have to be especially cl... Ebbw Vale And The Bessemer Process
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[Illustrations: FIGS. 33 to 37.] Each of these different packing materials has a different effect upon the work in which it is heated. Charcoal by itself will give a rather light case. Mixed with raw bone it will carburize more rapidly, and still... Effects Of Proper Annealing
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It has been known for fifty years that a beam or rod would fail at a relatively low stress if only repeated often enough. It has been found, however, that each material possesses a limiting stress, or endurance limit, within which it is safe, no mat... Flange Shields For Furnaces
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FORGING.--Forge as before.--ANNEALING.--Place the steel in a pipe, box or muffle. Arrange the steel so as to allow at least 1 in. of packing, consisting of dry powder ashes, powdered charcoal, mica, etc., between the pieces and the walls of the box ... Forging High-speed Steel
Heat very slowly and carefully to from 1,800 to 2,000 deg.F. and forge thoroughly and uniformly. If the forging operation is prolonged do not continue forging the tool when the steel begins to stiffen under the hammer. Do not forge below 1,700 deg.F... Furnace Data
In order to give definite information concerning furnaces, fuels etc., the following data is quoted from a paper by Seth A. Moulton and W. H. Lyman before the Steel Heat Treaters Society in September, 1920. This considers a factory producing 30,0... Gas Consumption For Carburizing
Although the advantages offered by the gas-fired furnace for carburizing have been generally recognized in the past from points of view as close temperature regulation, decreased attendance, and greater convenience, very little information has been ... Gears
The material used for all gears on the Liberty engine was selected at the option of the manufacturer from the following standard S. A. E. steels, the composition of which are given in Table 12, TABLE 12.--COMPOSITION OF STEELS NOS. X-3,340 AND 6,1... Hardening
The forgings can be hardened by cooling in still air or quenching in oil or water from a temperature between 1,650 and 1,750 deg.F. The physical properties do not vary greatly when the carbon is within the range of composition given, or when the ... Hardening
Steel is hardened by quenching from above the upper critical. Apparently the quick cooling prevents the normal change back to definite and sizeable crystals of ferrite and cementite. Hardness is associated with this suppressed change. If the change ... Hardening Carbon Steel For Tools
For years the toolmaker had full sway in regard to make of steel wanted for shop tools, he generally made his own designs, hardened, tempered, ground and usually set up the machine where it was to be used and tested it. Most of us remember the to... Hardening High-speed Steel
In forging use coke for fuel in the forge. Heat steel slowly and thoroughly to a lemon heat. Do not forge at a lower heat. Do not let the steel cool below a bright cherry red while forging. After the tool is dressed, reheat to forging heat to remove... Hardening High-speed Steels
We will now take up the matter of hardening high-speed steels. The most ordinary tools used are for lathes and planers. The forging should be done at carbon-steel heat. Rough-grind while still hot and preheat to about carbon-steel hardening heat, th... Hardening Operation
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FIRE.--For these tools a good fire is one made of hard foundry coke, broken in small pieces, in an ordinary blacksmith forge with a few bricks laid over the top to form a hollow fire. The bricks should be thoroughly heated before tools are heated. H... Heat Treatment Of Milling Cutters Drills Reamers Etc
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Heat treatment consists in heating and cooling metal at definite rates in order to change its physical condition. Many objects may be attained by correct heat treatment, but nothing much can be expected unless the man who directs the operations know... Heat-treating Department
The heat-treating department occupies an L-shaped building. The design is very practical, with the furnace and the floor on the same level so that there is no lifting of heavy pots. Fuel oil is used in all the furnaces and gives highly satisfactory... Heat-treating Equipment And Methods For Mass Production
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Although it is possible to work steels cold, to an extent depending upon their ductility, and although such operations are commonly performed, forging usually means working heated steel. Heating is therefore a vital part of the process. Heating s... Heating Of Manganese Steel
Another form of heat-treating furnace is that which is used for the heating of manganese and other alloy steels, which after having been brought to the proper heat are drawn from the furnace into an immediate quenching tank. With manganese steel in... Heavy Forging Practice
In heavy forging practice where the metal is being worked at a welding heat, the amount of flame that will issue from an open-front furnace is so great that a plain, sheet-steel front will neither afford sufficient protection nor stand up in servic... High Speed Steel
For centuries the secret art of making tool steel was handed down from father to son. The manufacture of tool steel is still an art which, by the aid of science, has lost much of its secrecy; yet tool steel is today made by practical men skilled as ... High-carbon Machinery Steel
The carbon content of this steel is above 30 points and is hardly ever above 60 points or 0.60 per cent. Annealing such steel is generally in quantity production and does not require the care that the other steels need because it is very largely a m... High-chromium Or Rust-proof Steel
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The matter to which these notes are primarily directed is the introduction of carbon into the case of the article to be hardened. In the first place the chances of success are increased by selecting as few brands of steel as practicable to cover the... Judging The Heat Of Steel
While the use of a pyrometer is of course the only way to have accurate knowledge as to the heat being used in either forging or hardening steels, a color chart will be of considerable assistance if carefully studied. These have been prepared by sev... Knowing What Takes Place
How are we to know if we have given a piece of steel the very best possible treatment? The best method is by microscopic examination of polished and etched sections, but this requires a certain expense for laboratory equipment and upkeep, which m... Lathe And Planer Tools
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Reheating for machine ability was done at 100 deg. less than the drawing temperature, but the time of soaking is more than double. After both drawing and reheating, the blanks were buried in lime where they remain, out of contact with the air, until... Making Steel Balls
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