Annealing Alloy Steel
: ANNEALING: The Working Of Steel
The term alloy steel, from the steel maker's point of view, refers
largely to nickel and chromium steel or a combination of both. These
steels are manufactured very largely by the open-hearth process,
although chromium steels are also a crucible product. It is next
to impossible to give proper directions for the proper annealing
of alloy steel unless the composition is known to the operator.
Nickel steels
steels, depending upon their alloy content. For instance, if a
pearlitic carbon steel may be annealed at 1,450 deg.C., the same analysis
containing 2-1/2 per cent nickel may be annealed at 1,360 deg.C. and
a 5 per cent nickel steel at 1,270 deg..
In order that high chromium steels may be readily machined, they
must be heated at or slightly above the critical for a very long
time, and cooled through the critical at an extremely slow rate.
For a steel containing 0.9 to 1.1 per cent carbon, under 0.50 per
cent manganese, and about 1.0 per cent chromium, Bullens recommends
the following anneal:
1. Heat to 1,700 or 1,750 deg.F.
2. Air cool to about 800 deg.F.
3. Soak at 1,425 to 1,450 deg.F.
4. Cool slowly in furnace.
More
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A Chromium-cobalt Steel
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A mixture of fireclay and sand will be found very satisfactory for closing up the boxes, and by observing the appearance of the work when taken out we can gage the suitability of the methods employed, for unless the boxes are carefully sealed the wo... Affinity Of Nickel Steel For Carbon
The carbon- and nickel-steel gears are carburized separately owing to the difference in time necessary for their carburization. Practically all printed information on the subject is to the effect that nickel steel takes longer to carburize than pla... Air-hardening Steels
These steels are recommended for boring, turning and planing where the cost of high-speed seems excessive. They are also recommended for hard wood knives, for roughing and finishing bronze and brass, and for hot bolt forging dies. This steel cannot... Alloying Elements
Commercial steels of even the simplest types are therefore primarily alloys of iron and carbon. Impurities and their remedies are always present: sulphur, phosphorus, silicon and manganese--to say nothing of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon oxide gases,... An Automatic Temperature Control Pyrometer
Automatic temperature control instruments are similar to the Brown indicating high resistance pyrometer with the exception that the pointer is depressed at intervals of every 10 sec. upon contact-making devices. No current passes through the pointer... Annealing
ANNEALING can be done by heating to temperatures ranging from 1,290 to 1,380 deg.F. and cooling in air or quenching in water or oil. After this treatment the forgings will have a hardness of about 200 Brinell and a tensile strength of 100,000 to 112... Annealing
There is no mystery or secret about the proper annealing of different steels, but in order to secure the best results it is absolutely necessary for the operator to know the kind of steel which is to be annealed. The annealing of steel is primarily ... Annealing Alloy Steel
The term alloy steel, from the steel maker's point of view, refers largely to nickel and chromium steel or a combination of both. These steels are manufactured very largely by the open-hearth process, although chromium steels are also a crucible pro... Annealing In Bone
Steel and cast iron may both be annealed in granulated bone. Pack the work the same as for case-hardening except that it is not necessary to keep the pieces away from each other. Pack with bone that has been used until it is nearly white. Heat as ho... Annealing Method
Forgings which are too hard to machine are put in pots with a little charcoal to cause a reducing atmosphere and to prevent scale. The covers are then luted on and the pots placed in the furnace. Carbon steel from 15 to 25 points is annealed at 1,6... Annealing Of High-speed Steel
For annealing high-speed steel, some makers recommend using ground mica, charcoal, lime, fine dry ashes or lake sand as a packing in the annealing boxes. Mixtures of one part charcoal, one part lime and three parts of sand are also suggested, or two... Annealing Of Rifle Components At Springfield Armory
In general, all forgings of the components of the arms manufactured at the Armory and all forgings for other ordnance establishments are packed in charcoal, lime or suitable material and annealed before being transferred from the forge shop. Exce... Annealing To Relieve Internal Stresses
Work quenched from a high temperature and not afterward tempered will, if complex in shape, contain many internal stresses which may later cause it to break. They may be eased off by slight heating without materially lessening the hardness of the pi... Annealing Work
With the exception of several of the higher types of alloy steels, where the percentages of special elements run quite high, which causes a slight air-hardening action, the carburizing steels are soft enough for machining when air cooled from any t... Application Of Liberty Engine Materials To The Automotive Industry
The success of the Liberty engine program was an engineering achievement in which the science of metallurgy played an important part. The reasons for the use of certain materials and certain treatments for each part are given with recommendation... Application To The Automotive Industry
The information given on the various parts of the Liberty engine applies with equal force to the corresponding parts in the construction of an automobile, truck or tractor. We recommend as first choice for carbon-steel screw-machine parts material p... Bessemer Process
The bessemer process consists of charging molten pig iron into a huge, brick-lined pot called the bessemer converter, and then in blowing a current of air through holes in the bottom of the vessel into the liquid metal. The air blast burns the wh... Blending The Compound
Essentially, this consists of the sturdy, power-driven separator and fanning mill which separates the foreign matter from the compound and elevates it into a large settling basin which is formed by the top of the steel housing that incloses the appa... Brown Automatic Signaling Pyrometer
In large heat-treating plants it has been customary to maintain an operator at a central pyrometer, and by colored electric lights at the furnaces, signal whether the temperatures are correct or not. It is common practice to locate three lights abov... Calibration Of Pyrometer With Common Salt
An easy and convenient method for standardization and one which does not necessitate the use of an expensive laboratory equipment is that based upon determining the melting point of common table salt (sodium chloride). While theoretically salt that ... Carbon In Tool Steel
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All users of tool steels should carefully study the different qualities of the steels they handle. Different uses requires different kinds of steel for best results, and for the purpose of designating different steels some makers have adopted the tw... Carbon Tool Steel
Heat to a bright red, about 1,500 to 1,550 deg.F. Do not hammer steel when it cools down to a dark cherry red, or just below its hardening point, as this creates surface cracks. ... Carbon-steel Forgings
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The process of carburizing by gas, briefly mentioned on page 88, consists of having a slowly revolving, properly heated, cylindrical retort into which illuminating gas (a mixture of various hydrocarbons) is continuously injected under pressure. The ... Carburizing Low-carbon Sleeves
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The simplest carburizing substance is charcoal. It is also the slowest, but is often used mixed with something that will evolve large volumes of carbon monoxide or hydrocarbon gas on being heated. A great variety of materials is used, a few of them ... Care In Annealing
Not only will benefits in machining be found by careful annealing of forgings but the subsequent troubles in the hardening plant will be greatly reduced. The advantages in the hardening start with the carburizing operation, as a steel of uniform an... Case-hardening Treatments For Various Steels
Plain water, salt water and linseed oil are the three most common quenching materials for case-hardening. Water is used for ordinary work, salt water for work which must be extremely hard on the surface, and oil for work in which toughness is the ma... Chrome-nickel Steel
Forging heat of chrome-nickel steel depends very largely on the percentage of each element contained in the steel. Steel containing from 1/2 to 1 per cent chromium and from 1-1/2 to 3-1/2 per cent nickel, with a carbon content equal to the chromium...