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Steel MakingSuggestions For Handling High-speed SteelsThe following suggestions for handling high-speed steels are ... Uses Of The Various Tempers Of Carbon Tool Steel DIE TEMPER.--No. 3: All kinds of dies for deep stamping, pres... Knowing What Takes Place How are we to know if we have given a piece of steel the ver... Impact Tests Impact tests are of considerable importance as an indication ... Standard Analysis The selection of a standard analysis by the manufacturer is t... Heat Treatment Of Punches And Dies Shears Taps Etc HEATING.--The degree to which tools of the above classes shou... Annealing There is no mystery or secret about the proper annealing of d... Quenching It is considered good practice to quench alloy steels from th... Heating Although it is possible to work steels cold, to an extent de... Oil-hardening Steel Heat slowly and uniformly to 1,450 deg.F. and forge thorough... Highly Stressed Parts The highly stressed parts on the Liberty engine consisted of ... Annealing ANNEALING can be done by heating to temperatures ranging from... Hardening Carbon Steel For Tools For years the toolmaker had full sway in regard to make of st... Using Illuminating Gas The choice of a carburizing furnace depends greatly on the fa... Instructions For Working High-speed Steel Owing to the wide variations in the composition of high-speed... Detrimental Elements Sulphur and phosphorus are two elements known to be detrimen... Silicon SILICON is a very widespread element (symbol Si), being an es... Application Of Liberty Engine Materials To The Automotive Industry The success of the Liberty engine program was an engineer... Drop Forging Dies The kind of steel used in the die of course influences the he... Annealing Work With the exception of several of the higher types of alloy s... |
CorrosionCategory: ALLOYS AND THEIR EFFECT UPON STEEL This steel like any other steel when distorted by cold working is more sensitive to corrosion and will rust. Rough cut surfaces will rust. Surfaces finished with a fine cut are less liable to rust. Ground and polished surfaces are practically immune to rust. When chromium content is increased to 16 to 18 per cent and silicon is added, from 2 to 4 per cent, this steel becomes rust proof in its raw state, as soon as the outside surface is removed. It does not need to be heat-treated in any way. These compositions are both patented. S. A. E. STANDARD STEELS The following steel specifications are considered standard by the Society of Automotive Engineers and represents automobile practice in this country. These tables give the S. A. E. number, the composition of the steel and the heat treatment. These are referred to by letter--the heat treatments being given in detail on pages 134 to 137 in Chap. 8. It should be noted that the percentage of the different ingredients desired is the mean, or halfway between the minimum and maximum. TABLE 4.--CARBON STEELS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ S. A. E. Carbon Manganese Specification(minimum and (minimum and Phosphorus Sulphur Heat no. maximum) maximum) (maximum) (maximum) treatment ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1,010 0.05 to 0.15 0.30 to 0.60 0.045 0.05 Quench at 1,500 1,020 0.15 to 0.25 0.30 to 0.60 0.045 0.05 A or B 1,025 0.20 to 0.30 0.50 to 0.80 0.045 0.05 H 1,035 0.30 to 0.40 0.50 to 0.80 0.045 0.05 H, D or E 1,045 0.40 to 0.50 0.50 to 0.80 0.045 0.05 H, D or E 1,095 0.90 to 1.05 0.25 to 0.50 0.040 0.05 F ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TABLE 5.--SCREW STOCK --------------------------------------------------------------------------- S. A. E. Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulphur Specification no. (maximum) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1,114 0.08 to 0.20 0.30 to 0.80 0.12 0.06 to 0.12 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- TABLE 6.--NICKEL STEELS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- S. A. E. Phosphorus Specification (maximum) no. ---- / Carbon Manganese Sulphur Nickel Heat (minimum and(minimum and (maximum)(minimum andtreatment maximum) maximum) maximum) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 2,315 0.10 to 0.200.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.045 3.25 to 3.75G, H or K 2,320 0.15 to 0.250.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.045 3.25 to 3.75G, H or K 2,330 0.25 to 0.350.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.045 3.25 to 3.75 H or K 2,335 0.30 to 0.400.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.045 3.25 to 3.75 H or K 2,340 0.35 to 0.450.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.045 3.25 to 3.75 H or K 2,345 0.40 to 0.500.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.045 3.25 to 3.75 H or K ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- TABLE 7.--NICKEL-CHROMIUM STEELS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- S. A. E. Phosphorus Sulphur Specification (maximum)(maximum) Heat no. ------ ------ ---- treatment Carbon Manganese Nickel Chromium (minimum and(minimum and (minimum and(minimum and maximum) maximum) maximum) maximum) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3,1200.15 to 0.250.50 to 0.800.040.0451.00 to 1.500.45 to 0.75*G,H or D 3,1250.20 to 0.300.50 to 0.800.040.0451.00 to 1.500.45 to 0.75*H,D or E 3,1300.25 to 0.350.50 to 0.800.040.0451.00 to 1.500.45 to 0.75*H,D or E 3,1350.30 to 0.400.50 to 0 800.040.0451.00 to 1.500.45 to 0 75*H,D or E 3,1400.35 to 0.450.50 to 0.800.040.0451.00 to 1.500.45 to 0.75*H,D or E 3,2200.15 to 0.250.30 to 0.600.040.0401.50 to 2.000.90 to 1.25 G,H or D 3,2300.25 to 0.350.30 to 0.600.040.0401.50 to 2.000.90 to 1.25 H or D 3,2400.35 to 0.450.30 to 0.600.040.0401.50 to 2.000.90 to 1.25 H or D 3,2500.45 to 0.550.30 to 0.600.040.0401.50 to 2.000.90 to 1.25 M or Q X3,3150.10 to 0.200.45 to 0.750.040.0402.75 to 3.250.60 to 0.95 G X3,3350.30 to 0.400.45 to 0.750.040.0402.75 to 3.250.60 to 0.95 P or R X3,3500.45 to 0.550.45 to 0.750.040.0402.75 to 3.250.60 to 0.95 P or R 3,3200.15 to 0.250.30 to 0.600.040.0403.25 to 3.751.25 to 1.75 L 3,3300.25 to 0.350.30 to 0.600.040.0403.25 to 3.751.25 to 1.75 P or R 3,3400.35 to 0.450.30 to 0.600.040.0403.25 to 3.751.25 to 1.75 P or R ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Another grade of this type of steel is available with chromium content of 0.15 per cent to 45 per cent. It has somewhat lower physical properties. TABLE 8.--CHROMIUM STEELS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- S. A. E. Specification no. --- Carbon Manganese Chromium (minimum and(minimum andPhosphorusSulphur (minimum and Heat maximum) maximum) (maximum) (maximum) maximum) treatment ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5,120 0.15 to 0.25 * 0.04 0.045 0.65 to 0.85 B 5,140 0.35 to 0.45 * 0.04 0.045 0.65 to 0.85 H or D 5,165 0.60 to 0.70 * 0.04 0.045 0.65 to 0.85 H or D 5,195 0.90 to 1.050.20 to 0.45 0.03 0.03 0.90 to 1.10M, P or R 51,120 1.10 to 1.300.20 to 0.45 0.03 0.03 0.90 to 1.10M, P or R 5,295 0.90 to 1.050.20 to 0.45 0.03 0.03 1.10 to 1.30M, P or R 52,120 1.10 to 1.300.20 to 0.45 0.03 0.03 1.10 to 1.30M, P or R ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --Two types of steel are available in this class, one with manganese 0.25 to 0.50 per cent (0.35 per cent desired), and silicon not over 0.20 per cent; the other with manganese 0.60 to 0.80 per cent (0.70 per cent desired), and silicon 0.15 to 0.50 per cent. TABLE 9.--CHROMIUM-VANADIUM STEELS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- S. A. E. Phosphorus Sulphur Vanadium Specification (maximum)(maximum) (minimum) no. ------ -- / - Carbon Manganese Chromium Heat (minimum and(minimum and (minimum and treatment maximum) maximum) maximum) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6,120 0.15 to 0.250.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.04 0.80 to 1.10 0.15 S 6,125 0.20 to 0.300.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.04 0.80 to 1.10 0.15 S or T 6,130 0.25 to 0.350.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.04 0.80 to 1.10 0.15 T or U 6,135 0.30 to 0.400.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.04 0.80 to 1.10 0.15 T or U 6,140 0.35 to 0.450.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.04 0.80 to 1.10 0.15 T or U 6,145 0.40 to 0.500.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.04 0.80 to 1.10 0.15 U 6,150 0.45 to 0.550.50 to 0.80 0.04 0.04 0.80 to 1.10 0.15 U 6,195 0.90 to 1.050.20 to 0.45 0.03 0.03 0.80 to 1.10 0.15 U ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TABLE 10.--SILICO-MANGANESE STEELS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- S. A. E. Specification no. ----- Carbon Manganese Silicon (minimum and(minimum andPhosphorusSulphur (minimum and Heat maximum) maximum) (maximum) (maximum) maximum) treatment ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 9,250 0.45 to 0.550.60 to 0.80 0.045* 0.045 1.80 to 2.10 V 9,260 0.55 to 0.650.50 to 0.70 0.045* 0.045 1.50 to 1.80 V ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Steel made by the acid process may contain maximum 0.05 phosphorus. Next: Liberty Motor Connecting Rods Previous: Hardening
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