| Make sure it is night when you do this spell. Also, light one orange and one pink candle. Close your eyes. (You Must Have complete focus and be concentrating on the spell, ONLY.) Fill your mind with the color your eyes are. Picture that for abo... Read more of Spell to change eye color at White Magic.ca |  Informational.caPrivacy |
Steel MakingCarbon-steel ForgingsLow-stressed, carbon-steel forgings include such parts as car... Pyrometers Armor plate makers sometimes use the copper ball or Siemens' ... Cyanide Bath For Tool Steels All high-carbon tool steels are heated in a cyanide bath. Wi... Crankshaft The crankshaft was the most highly stressed part of the entir... Temperature Recording And Regulation Each furnace is equipped with pyrometers, but the reading an... Heat-treating Equipment And Methods For Mass Production The heat-treating department of the Brown-Lipe-Chapin Company... Forging High-speed Steel Heat very slowly and carefully to from 1,800 to 2,000 deg.F.... Uses Of The Various Tempers Of Carbon Tool Steel DIE TEMPER.--No. 3: All kinds of dies for deep stamping, pres... Take Time For Hardening Uneven heating and poor quenching has caused loss of many ve... Crucible Steel Crucible steel is still made by melting material in a clay or... Carbon Steels For Different Tools All users of tool steels should carefully study the different... Quenching It is considered good practice to quench alloy steels from th... Composition Of Transmission-gear Steel If the nickel content of this steel is eliminated, and the pe... Tensile Properties Strength of a metal is usually expressed in the number of pou... Steel Worked In Austenitic State As a general rule steel should be worked when it is in the a... The Quenching Tank The quenching tank is an important feature of apparatus in c... Refining The Grain This is remedied by reheating the piece to a temperature slig... Optical System And Electrical Circuit Of The Leeds & Northrup Optical Pyrometer For extremely high temperature, the optical pyrometer is lar... Hardening Operation Hardening a gear is accomplished as follows: The gear is tak... Nickel Nickel may be considered as the toughest among the non-rare a... |
Chrome-nickel SteelCategory: THE FORGING OF STEEL Forging heat of chrome-nickel steel depends very largely on the percentage of each element contained in the steel. Steel containing from 1/2 to 1 per cent chromium and from 1-1/2 to 3-1/2 per cent nickel, with a carbon content equal to the chromium, should be heated very slowly and uniformly to approximately 1,600 deg. F., or salmon color. After forging, reheat the steel to about 1,450 deg. and cool slowly so as to remove forging strains. Do not attempt to harden the steel before such annealing. A great deal of steel is constantly being spoiled by carelessness in the forging operation. The billets may be perfectly sound, but even if the steel is heated to a good forging heat, and is hammered too lightly, a poor forging results. A proper blow will cause the edges and ends to bulge slightly outwards--the inner-most parts of the steel seem to flow faster than the surface. Light blows will work the surface out faster; the edges and ends will curve inwards. This condition in extreme cases leaves a seam in the axis of the forging. Steel which is heated quickly and forging begun before uniform heat has penetrated to its center will open up seams because the cooler central portion is not able to flow with the hot metal surrounding it. Uniform heating is absolutely necessary for the best results. Figure 16 shows a sound forging. The bars in Fig. 17 were burst by improper forging, while the die, Fig. 18, burst from a piped center. Figure 19 shows a piece forged with a hammer too light for the size of the work. This gives an appearance similar to case-hardening, the refining effect of the blows reaching but a short distance from the surface. While it is impossible to accurately rate the capacity of steam hammers with respect to the size of work they should handle, on account of the greatly varying conditions, a few notes from the experience of the Bement works of the Niles-Bement-Pond Company will be of service. For making an occasional forging of a given size, a smaller hammer may be used than if we are manufacturing this same piece in large quantities. If we have a 6-in. piece to forge, such as a pinion or a short shaft, a hammer of about 1,100-lb. capacity would answer very nicely. But should the general work be as large as this, it would be very much better to use a 1,500-lb. hammer. If, on the other hand, we wish to forge 6-in. axles economically, it would be necessary to use a 7,000- or 8,000-lb. hammer. The following table will be found convenient for reference for the proper size of hammer to be used on different classes of general blacksmith work, although it will be understood that it is necessary to modify these to suit conditions, as has already been indicated. Diameter of stock Size of hammer 3-1/2 in. 250 to 350 lb. 4 in. 350 to 600 lb. 4-1/2 in. 600 to 800 lb. 5 in. 800 to 1,000 lb. 6 in. 1,100 to 1,500 lb. Steam hammers are always rated by the weight of the ram, and the attached parts, which include the piston and rod, nothing being added on account of the steam pressure behind the piston. This makes it a little difficult to compare them with plain drop or tilting hammers, which are also rated in the same way. Steam hammers are usually operated at pressures varying from 75 to 100 lb. of steam per square inch, and may also be operated by compressed air at about the same pressures. It is cheaper, however, in the case of compressed air to use pressures from 60 to 80 lb. instead of going higher. Forgings must, however, be made from sound billets if satisfactory results are to be secured. Figure 20 shows three cross-sections of which A is sound, B is badly piped and C is worthless. Next: Plant For Forging Rifle Barrels Previous: Oil-hardening Steel
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