| Effect: There are four islands in an ocean. Each has a king, queen, a son named Jack (the Jack will be used,) and a dog named Ace (the Ace will be used.) One day, a hurricane storms through the ocean, creating complete chaos and wiping everything on ... Read more of Four Islands at Card Trick.ca |  InformationalPrivacy |
Steel MakingNickelNickel may be considered as the toughest among the non-rare a... Suggestions For Handling High-speed Steels The following suggestions for handling high-speed steels are ... Quenching It is considered good practice to quench alloy steels from th... Steel Before The 1850's In spite of a rapid increase in the use of machines and the ... Effect Of A Small Amount Of Copper In Medium-carbon Steel This shows the result of tests by C. R. Hayward and A. B. Joh... Plant For Forging Rifle Barrels The forging of rifle barrels in large quantities and heat-tre... Annealing Of High-speed Steel For annealing high-speed steel, some makers recommend using g... Rate Of Absorption According to Guillet, the absorption of carbon is favored by ... Correction For Cold-junction Errors The voltage generated by a thermo-couple of an electric pyrom... Hardness Testing The word hardness is used to express various properties of me... Quenching Tool Steel To secure proper hardness, the cooling of quenching of steel ... Tool Or Crucible Steel Crucible steel can be annealed either in muffled furnace or b... S A E Heat Treatments The Society of Automotive Engineers have adopted certain heat... Steel Worked In Austenitic State As a general rule steel should be worked when it is in the a... Heat-treating Equipment And Methods For Mass Production The heat-treating department of the Brown-Lipe-Chapin Company... Connecting Rods The material used for all connecting rods on the Liberty engi... Application To The Automotive Industry The information given on the various parts of the Liberty eng... A Satisfactory Luting Mixture A mixture of fireclay and sand will be found very satisfactor... Temperature For Annealing Theoretically, annealing should be accomplished at a tempera... Annealing Of Rifle Components At Springfield Armory In general, all forgings of the components of the arms manufa... |
Carbon-steel ForgingsCategory: APPLICATION OF LIBERTY ENGINE MATERIALS TO THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY Low-stressed, carbon-steel forgings include such parts as carbureter control levers, etc. The important criterion for parts of this type is ease of fabrication and freedom from over-heated and burned forgings. The material used for such parts was S. A. E. No. 1,030 steel, which is of the following chemical composition: Carbon, 0.250 to 0.350 per cent; manganese, 0.500 to 0.800 per cent; phosphorus, 0.045 maximum per cent; sulphur, 0.050 maximum per cent. To obtain good machineability, all forgings produced from this steel were heated to a temperature of from 1,575 to 1,625 deg.F. to refine the grain of the steel thoroughly and quenched in water and then tempered to obtain proper machineability by heating to a temperature of from 1,000 to 1,100 deg.F. and cooled slowly or quenched. Forgings subjected to this heat treatment are free from hard spots and will show a Brinell hardness of 177 to 217, which is proper for all ordinary machining operations. Great care should be taken not to use steel for parts of this type containing less than 0.25 per cent carbon, because the lower the carbon the greater the liability of hard spots, and the more difficult it becomes to eliminate them. The only satisfactory method so far in commercial use for the elimination of hard spots is to give forgings a very severe quench from a high temperature followed by a proper tempering heat to secure good machine ability as outlined above. The important carbon-steel forgings consisted of the cylinders, the propeller-hubs, the propeller-hub flange, etc. The material used for parts of this type was S. A. E. No. 1,045 steel, which is of the following chemical composition: Carbon, 0.400 to 0.500 per cent; manganese, 0.500 to 0.800 per cent; phosphorus, 0.045 maximum per cent; sulphur, 0.050 maximum per cent. All forgings made from this material must show, after heat treatment, the following minimum physical properties: Elastic limit, 70,000; lb. per square inch, elongation in 2 in., 18 per cent, reduction of area, 45; per cent, Brinell hardness, 217 to 255. To obtain these physical properties, the forgings were quenched in water from a temperature of 1,500 to 1,550 deg.F., followed by tempering to meet proper Brinell requirements by heating to a temperature of 1,150 to 1,200 deg.F. and cooled slowly or quenched. No trouble of any kind was ever experienced with parts of this type. The principal carbon-steel pressed parts used on the Liberty engine were the water jackets and the exhaust manifolds. The material used for parts of this type was S. A. E. No. 1,010 steel, which is of the following chemical composition: Carbon, 0.05 to 0.15 per cent; manganese, 0.30 to 0.60 per cent; phosphorus, 0.045 maximum per cent; sulphur, 0.045 maximum per cent. No trouble was experienced in the production of any parts from this material with the exception of the water jacket. Due to the particular design of the Liberty cylinder assembly, many failures occurred in the early days, due to the top of the jacket cracking with a brittle fracture. It was found that these failures were caused primarily from the use of jackets which showed small scratches or die marks at this joint and secondarily by improper annealing of the jackets themselves between the different forming operations. By a careful inspection for die marks and by giving the jackets 1,400 deg.F. annealing before the last forming operation, it was possible to completely eliminate the trouble encountered. Next: Highly Stressed Parts Previous: Application Of Liberty Engine Materials To The Automotive Industry
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